Marcus Aureliuss Meditations - Free Essay Example

Marcus Aureliuss Meditations is a piece of literature that has not only given us great insight into the rule of Marcus Aurelius as an emperor and as a human, and the practices (how they lived) of the Roman people at the time, but also a guide for leaders of today and of the future on how to lead the people without losing their humanity. This piece of history has allowed for a unique perspective into a period of ancient Roman Civilization, the age of the Imperial Cult, where many emperors were corrupt and writings from this time have been obscured heavily. However, Meditations has the unique quality of being relatively unbiased as it was more an introspection of the author himself, which leads to an introspection of the civilization at the time. Meditations opened a window for modern historians and philosophers to learn about a Rome that had morals based in logic, compassion, and humility. These writings not only allow us a looking glass into the past but a guide for the present and future, unlike any other writings from this time. In these writings, one can see Aurelius focusing on some major themes from mindfulness to civic duty. Four of these themes that shows why Meditations is relatively unbiased and different from other ancient texts and those are Impermanence, Fate, and Objectivity. His dive into these topics from his own perspective and what he sees in the world is what allows Meditations to be a very reliable and honest reference into the culture and societal norms at the time. Impermanence or the inevitability of death is one of the topics he uses to help tie in the cycle of life and use it as an analogy in order to explain some concepts. This is unique in thought because he was an emperor during the age of the Imperial Cult, where emperors were divinley chosen authorities with no applicable rules on them and access to never-ending wealth. Aurelius pondered o n the meaning of life within the framework of death in order to live his life with fulfillment. He said, Think of yourself as dead. You have lived your life. Now take whats left and live it properly. (Book 7:56) In this statement, he is trying to convey the idea that because death is inevitable and in order to get over the fear or anxiety in relation to death, one should consider themselves already dead. Only after this can he/she live properly and lead a fulfilling life. This statement of his sums up his view on death, and the obsession with immortality fairly well. His view on those who seek immortality whether it be physically or even through memory (emperors of Rome) to always be miserable and often unjust in the pursuit of that goal. He says, The fraction of infinity, of that vast abyss of time, allotted to each of us. Absorbed in an instant into eternity.(Book 12:32) He is conveying the fact that our lives, his life, the emperors life, any humans life, is just an instant in comparison to the vast abyss of time. To further expand on this, and give some insight into his tho ughts on previous emperors he states, Alexander and Caeser and Pompey. Compared with Diogenes, Heraclitus, Socrates? The philosophers knew the what, the why, the how. Their minds were their own. The others? Nothing but anxiety and enslavement. (Book 8:3) He is showing that these emperors who sought glory, fame, immortality, and reverence were slaves to this mindset and could never truly live a meaningful life. However, on the other hand, you have these great philosophers who whether or not they sought remembrance, were granted it by living their true life and having control over their minds through the understanding of the universe. Marcus Aurelius gives us a very clear and straightforward look into the mindset of the elite of Rome not only during his time but in previous emperors as well. Another topic he delves into is the presence and affect fate has on the world. He was considered a soft determinist, meaning he believes everyone has a set path in life however they can choose to go along with it and enjoy life or get dragged along and be miserable. T o love only what happens, what was destined. No greater harmony.(Book 7:57) He puts it simply in this statement; learn to love what happens in your life, good or bad, and you will remain happy and feel at peace. This statement allows historians to conjecture into the mindset of the people because he made this statement for a reason. A closer look at tis statement shows that the social norm back then was very similar to today, in that everyone is trying to achieve something even if it is not destined for them, and as a result of this feeling miserable and inadequate. He does only what is his to do, and considers constantly what the world has in store for himdoing his best, and trusting that all is for the best. For we carry our fate with us and it carries us.(Book 3:4) For Marcus, nothing occurred that was not meant to occur. This differentiated him from many other emperors because he was in the mindset of what happens, happens and to fight it was unnatural. However, he still understood the reasons why things happened physically, emotionally, and socially in the world. This leads us to his views on objectivity and hierarchy. Marcus Aurelius was a very objective being and strived in order to maintain his objectivity. He stated many times in Meditations he would take every moment he could, to ponder on his views and see if they maintain an objective and judicial reason for existing. If they did not, then he would question himself why am I feeling like this and so on. This is the basis on why modern-day historians can claim he is a relatively objective commentator on history. He is quoted to say, Perfection of character: to live your last day, every day, without frenzy, or sloth, or pretense.(Book 7:69) This shows us he lived by this code of objectivi ty in his opinions and viewpoints on almost everything. Objective judgment, now, at this very moment. Unselfish action, now, at this very moment. Willing acceptancenow, at this very momentof all external events. Thats all you need.(Book 9:6) He says it right here, objectivity, unselfishness, and willing acceptance of external events is all you need in life to be fulfilled. This affords us the opportunity today to view his work as objective and without any motives to push a certain viewpoint or agenda. He talks about his own faults in his work and puts his character and mistakes under a microscope in order to comment on himself and society. For anything that happens in life, whether in your head or externally, Marcus Aurelius sais, Apply them constantly, to everything that happens: Physics. Ethics. Logic.; (Book 8:13) Look at anything that happens in the world through the lens of logic, science, and credibility. This was his view on culture, politics, and everything else people look at in order to form a better understanding of ancient Rome politically, culturally, and socially. This is why in comparison to most other works from this time, Meditations has the unique characteristic of being holistically unbiased. His understanding of life and values by which he lived make him a great source for historians. This work, Meditations, is one which is seemingly timeless, having applications in modern society across both the Eastern and Western worlds. His ability to separate his own biases from an occurrence in his life is what granted him the skill to be able to dictate the event without muddying it. Most other works recovere d from this time period are propagations of certain peoples opinions and legacies. While these are useful in learning about ancient Rome, they have to be taken with serious care before coming to a conclusion. The beauty of Meditations is that this book serves a dual purpose, gives us access to an unbiased account of events and advice on how to live life fully. To the first point, a historian can be much more lenient with statements from this work, as they seemingly push no agenda or legacy. For the second point, Marcus Aurelius gives us a roadmap for how he was able to achieve a fulfilling life, and how someone even today can do it as well. This writing is philosophical without being complex, allowing the average person to read it and directly apply it to their life. Marcus Aureliuss Meditations is a rare and beautiful work that still has much to offer, and will continue to be a credible source on Roman history and a roadmap to life for the generations to come.

The Late Middle Ages Essay - 1713 Words

The Late Middle Ages, which lasted until the early 16th century, was a turbulent period which was beset by difficulties such as famine and battle. Monarchs with insatiable territorial appetites and religious fanaticism contributed greatly to create instability and war among the people. However, one of the greatest villain during this period was an undetectable foe, named Yersinia Pestis. This bacterium was responsible for the horrific Black Death, which ravaged Europe, Asia, and Africa in the 14th century, killing over 50 million people. In urban centers like Paris and Hamburg, 50% to 60% of the residents perished. All this happened in the middle of the 14th century, over the span of a few years. To highlight the great carnage, it is pointed out that 60% of London’s citizens died between autumn of 1348 until the spring of 1349, a scant few months. The communicability and toxicity of this germ was uncommonly high. Boccaccio, an Italian writer, said victims could have ‘ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors in paradise’. Perhaps this was an exaggeration, but the truth was not too far behind, as evidenced by the staggering numbers of deaths. This plague is known in three different names, each resembling another aspect of the horrific disease. Bubonic plague is characterized by bubos, large boils of infection and pus formed on lymph nodes. The symptoms include chills, fever, and weakness. Septicemic plague (Black Plague), enters vial the bloodstreamShow MoreRelated The Late Middle Ages Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesThe Middle Ages, often referred to as the Dark Ages, was regarded to be a time of despair, disease, and death. Just as the name the â€Å"Dark Ages† suggests, this period of European history seemed to be surrounded by darkness and hopelessness. 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Alternative Ending of The Great Gatsby - 601 Words

Alternative ending of The Great Gatsby So naturally Michaelis tried to find out what had happened, but Wilson wouldn’t say a word — instead he began to throw suspicious look at his visitor and ask himself what he’d been doing at certain times on certain days of the week. Just as the latter was getting restless, some workers came past heading to the door for his restaurant, and Michaelis approach the chance to get away, intending to return later. But he never did. He supposed he forgot to, that’s all. When he gets outside again, a little later after seven o’clock, he was remembered of the conversation because he heard Mrs. Wilson’s voice, loud and clear coming down-stairs in the garage. â€Å"Beat me!† he heard her cry. â€Å"Throw me down and beat me, you dirty little coward!† A moment later she rushed out into the dusk, waving her hands and shouting  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ before he could move from his door he believe everything was over. 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Manufacturing Industry Process Improvement -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Manufacturing Industry Process Improvement? Answer: Introduction A particular measuring scale must be used that determines the quality of education provided by the schools. The knowledge absorption level of each student needs to be evaluated for his or her benefit as well as for the benefit of the schools. Every student is unique and the structure of the education must be centred on that concept. However, each teacher has his or her own teaching style and ability. The education structure must not put a limitation on that. The purpose of this report is to develop some quality control benchmark by studying the seven quality control tools. These tools will facilitate the development of a continuous improvement plan that could be utilized to improve the quality of education. This report contains elaborations on seven basic quality control tools, their descriptions and the two best tools among those that can be used to accomplish the expected goal. A well-structured improvement plan is also provided in this report along with a detailed implementation p lan. Tools and Techniques Available for Cause Determination David can use Root Cause Analysis for cause determination of the problems associated with the quality of education (Geerling, Chernofsky and Pratt 2014). This type of analysis can be used to determine the primary cause or the root cause associated with a problem. The cause is termed as root if the removal of the cause would solve the problem associated with the case (Raghavan 2015). David must evaluate the process and not just the people. This technique will help David to identify the flaws underlying the process where the students rates the performance of the teachers and the absence of any student attendance database. Quality Control Tools Seven quality control tools can be used to determine, assess and analyse the different quality control scenarios. Cause-and-effect diagram: This diagram is primarily used for product designing and prevention of any defect in the manufactured products. The causes are generally categorized into different groups that would aid in identifying and classifying different sources of cause variation (Dirnagl 2016). Categorising causes means that their identification is simplified in the event of any problem occurrence. The cause-and effect diagram is also known as fishbone diagram due to the utilization of the categorising concept. Check Sheet: Real-time data is collected at the data generating location in this scenario. The collected data can be either qualitative or quantitative (Sharma and Suri 2017). The person collecting the data, the collected data, the place and time of data collection and the reason for data collection are all implicated in the check sheet. The sheet is also known as tally sheet if it contains only quantitative data. The check sheet can be used to identify defects and understand the source of their occurrence by identifying the causes. Every problems and their respective causes are marked on the sheet and at the end of the assessment, the problem with the most marks are evaluated with the most priority. Control Chart: It is a type of chart where a graph is created based on the statistical findings where a chart is developed based on the process and the behaviour values (Magar and Shinde 2014). This tool can be used to determine and control any business or manufacturing process. Standard deviation is calculated using the data collected. The deviation would show any abnormality in the production or business process. This information can then be used to implement different methods that would help to control the operations and the processes. Histogram: This is a bar graph that helps to visualize the collected numerical data. A histogram is basically used for plotting continuous data (Arnold and Tilton 2015). Such graphs can be used to give precise reflection upon the data collected. The flaws in the processes can be rectified based on the data collected. Pareto Chart: This chart is a combination of a bar graph and a line graph. A Pareto chart can be used to specify the most common set of factors in quality control (Magar and Shinde 2014). The defects that occurs most commonly are identified and then the cause that primarily causes these defects. The causes are stated in decreasing order to show the defect that is commonly encountered. Since more than two graphs and three axes are used together to demonstrate the data, various aspects can be covered that could be utilized to analyse any number of flaws and their sources. Scatter Plot: A scatter plot can be used to map out data that is related either to one independent variable or between two independent variables. The data is seen as positively correlated if the dot pattern starts at the lower left side of the graph and ends at the higher right side (Manly and Alberto 2016). The data is seen as negatively correlated if the pattern of the dots starts at the upper left side and slopes down to the lower right side of the graph. This type of plot is generally used for quality control when the collected data has a non-linear relationship between them. Stratified Sampling: This type of quality control tool can be used where one sample is divided into multiple mutually exclusive homogeneous subgroups. Such a tool is used for population estimation (Jing, Tian and Huang 2015). Two tools that are best suited for application by David are as follows: A histogram can be used to analyse and evaluate the ratings given by the students to their teachers. As discussed, a histogram can be used to gather a huge collection of data. The data gathered from the students can then be used to determine the root cause of the problem (Latino, Latino and Latino 2016). The teachers must be interviewed separately to determine the authenticity of the collected data. The data collected through this technique must be anonymous in nature and should never be revealed by the school management under any circumstances. A Pareto Chart can be used to collect attendance information and examine the results of the analysis. The chart, as discussed, can depict attendance information in the line graph and the reasons for absence can be depicted in the bar graph. The most common reason can be viewed and a precise solution can be provided depending on the scenario and the reason of absence. Continuous Improvement Plan A continuous improvement plan is thus given in this section of the report that would help David to improve on the flaws of the school system. Issue Identification Date Issue Identified and Improvement Action Required Person or People Responsible Required by Date Expected Outcome and Date of Closure Review Date 14/1/2018 The feedback rating provided by the students to their teachers does not reflect the actual scenario. The management of the school must conduct the collection of the data to prevent any data manipulation by either the teachers or the students. The histogram style of quality control is seen as the best graphical style of data analysis in this scenario (Gelman 2014). The ratings must be then evaluated by a select board of members, constituting of David and four other people from the management, responsible for quality control in the school. David and the committee members. Data collection-25/1/2018. Finishing the interviews based on the data- 28/2/2018. The data collected on teacher review would be almost accurate with a 5% chance of error. The closure date should be around 6/3/2018. 2/3/2018 14/1/2018 Attendance information of the student was never documented. An electronic database can be used to save the attendance information of the students. Storing the information digitally would help David to analyse the situation easily. David 1/3/2018 Easy access to the attendance data collected. The closure date should be around 1/4/2018. 15/3/2018 14/1/2018 Applying the Pareto Chart technique to visualize the attendance of the students and understand the details behind their reasons for absence. David and the committee members. 1/5/2018 Better understanding of the reasons for student absence and the methods to handle them. The closure date should be around 10/5/2018. 5/5/2018 Implementation Plan Organizational Approval: The key stakeholders are identified (Lawrence and Weber 2014). They are presented with the ideas of quality control and the need for the application of the quality control tools. Approval of the implementation plan. Committee Development: David and some members from the management body of the school who would process. Data Needed: The feedback of the students regarding their teachers. The attendance of the students. Review Plan: Analysing the collected data and preparing the solution based on the sole discretion of the committee members. Positive result must be ensured. In case of any unfavourable results, the process can be scrutinized for execution errors (Soeanu 2016). Difficulties in Implementing the Proposed Plan The difficulties that might be faced during the implementation of the proposed plan: Teachers have a strong influence on students especially those belonging to the junior classes. They can easily manipulate the feedback process. Some of the teachers might raise objections against the anonymous feedback process. Getting bad reviews would mean that their appraisals might be hindered and even their promotion in some cases. The individual teacher interview process follows the feedback system. This interview process is time consuming and thus some teachers might view it as a waste of time. The documented attendance system would mean that the students would not be able take any unauthorized leave of absence. The student and their respective parents might find that a problem and can create objections during the plan implementation process. Long-Term Benefits of the Proposed Continuous Improvement Plan The proposed continuous improvement plan would significantly benefit the school and its students in the long term. The benefits are as follows: The anonymous feedback system would help to improve the performance of the teachers significantly. The teachers would not be able to manipulate the feedback of the students. All the feedback would be accurate. The students would feel at ease while giving the reviews as it is anonymous. This would drive the teachers to provide quality education to the students (Southerland, Gadsden and Herrington 2014). Any form of incentive to manipulate the feedback process is pointless, as the management would never share the details of the review. The students might or might not give positive feedback even after receiving the incentive. The interview process after the feedback system would also be beneficial as the teachers would be able to state justification to any bad feedback from the students. There can also be times where the student might give false bad review. This can be easily highlighted and scrutinized in the interview process. The student can even be penalized depending on the severit y of the false review. Quality control in the education sector is of prime importance and an efficient review system would definitely help to boost the system. A documented attendance system would also be productive for the school system. The students would be punctual and would not be absent without any authentic reason. Regular attendance by the students would mean that they would not be missing any important lectures. Thus, the quality of the education is improved too. The students are involved in continuous lectures in sequence and thus their understanding of the subjects improve drastically. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that the concerns of David regarding the school education system is justified. The quality of education has been gradually going downhill due to lack of teacher-student involvement and enthusiasm for the process. The teachers are not motivated enough to provide the sufficient quality of education. Thus, they fail to motivate the students to be interested in the education process. Due to this, the students lose interest in coming to schools and get the fundamental education needed. The continuous improvement plan discussed in the report would definitely help to improve the education quality. However, it is a long-term process and must be treated as one. The implementation plan also included in the report would be helpful in applying the improvement plan. The problems that might be faced by the school committee while implementing the quality control plans is provided in the report. The report finally concludes with the long-term benefits of the implemented pla ns and the gradual improvement in education quality. Reference List Arnold, T. and Tilton, L., 2015. EDA I: Continuous and Categorical Data. In Humanities Data in R (pp. 25-46). Springer International Publishing. Dirnagl, U., 2016. Quality Control and Standard Operating Procedures. Rodent Models of Stroke, pp.291-300. Geerling, J., Chernofsky, M. and Pratt, S.D., 2014. Root Cause Analysis. ASA Newsletter, 78(6), pp.46-49. Gelman, A., Carlin, J.B., Stern, H.S., Dunson, D.B., Vehtari, A. and Rubin, D.B., 2014. Bayesian data analysis (Vol. 2). Boca Raton, Jing, L., Tian, K. and Huang, J.Z., 2015. Stratified feature sampling method for ensemble clustering of high dimensional data. Pattern Recognition, 48(11), pp.3688-3702. Latino, R.J., Latino, K.C. and Latino, M.A., 2016. Root cause analysis: improving performance for bottom-line results. CRC press. Lawrence, A.T. and Weber, J., 2014. Business and society: Stakeholders, ethics, public policy. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Magar, V.M. and Shinde, V.B., 2014. Application of 7 Quality Control (7 QC) Tools for Continuous Improvement of Manufacturing Processes. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, 2(4), pp.364-371. Magar, V.M. and Shinde, V.B., 2014. Application of 7 Quality Control (7 QC) Tools for Continuous Improvement of Manufacturing Processes. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, 2(4), pp.364-371. Manly, B.F. and Alberto, J.A.N., 2016. Multivariate statistical methods: a primer. CRC Press. Raghavan, A., 2015. Root cause analysis. In Management and LeadershipA Guide for Clinical Professionals (pp. 105-121). Springer International Publishing. Sharma, H. and Suri, N.M., 2017. Implementation of Quality Control Tools and Techniques in Manufacturing Industry for Process Improvement. Work, 4(05). Soeanu, A., Debbabi, M., Allouche, M., Blanger, M. and Lchevin, N., 2016. Hierarchy aware distributed plan execution monitoring. Expert Systems with Applications, 43, pp.66-81. Southerland, S.A., Gadsden, V.L. and Herrington, C.D., 2014. Editors introduction: What should count as quality education research? Continuing the discussion. Educational Researcher, 43(1), pp.7-8.