Hedge Funds and Their Role in 2008 Financial Crisis Essay

Hedge Funds and Their Role in 2008 Financial Crisis - Essay Example They are not regulated in the same sense as mutual funds. Mostly, high net worth individuals and some pension funds invest in hedge funds. It is not mandatory for them to be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission because they are not supposed to provide information regarding their operation and valuation in public. The paper tries to explore the early history of hedge funds and how prima facie they are different from mutual funds. The paper also focuses on their role and the impact they created during 2008 financial crisis and also what regulatory measures are currently in force to regulate them. Genesis of Hedge Funds Mallaby emphasizes that Alfred Winslow Jones was the first global hedge-fund manager starting his operations in 1949 without any formal qualification and perhaps he set the tone and style of the functioning of hedge funds that are in vogue today. His way of charging the performance fee was different wherein a straight 20 percent cut was made on net gain s while distributing the profits. This deduction was over and above the management fee and even today most hedge-funds continue to have their performance fee policy in the same line. The fund was called so because all along investments were hedged simultaneously – short-selling some of the weaker stocks to mitigate the systemic risks. He used leveraging as a tool to hedge investments. It is worth noting that Jones’s firm made an astounding return of around 5000% during the year 1949 through 1968. Investopedia states that in 1968, around 140 hedge funds were in operations in the US though most of them were out of business due to slump in subsequent years. The hedge funds saw renaissance in the early 1990s but again, many of them including high-profile hedge funds such as Robertson's were in trouble during dotcom crisis of 2000. Hedge Fund Is Not a Mutual Fund Hedge funds are not mutual funds and they differ in several ways. Mutual funds have a large number of retail inv estors while hedge fund is not interested in a retail exposure and limit itself to a few high-net worth investors. After a minimum lock-in period, investors are free to withdraw the funds in mutual funds but hedge funds usually have a longer lock-out period during which investors cannot withdraw their investments. A mutual fund needs to register with Security Exchange Commission while hedge fund does not have such compulsion. Mutual funds do not undertake speculative activities and focus on returns relative to the bench-mark index. For example, if the bench-mark index goes down by 7 percent but the mutual fund investment goes down by only 4 percent then that will imply that mutual fund has performed better. In contrast, hedge funds focus on absolute returns regardless of the movement of market index. That is why hedge funds employ numerous strategies to earn high returns such as long or short positions on derivative instruments, options and futures. Mutual funds do not resort to suc h strategies to enhance their returns as they are governed by a host of regulatory measures (Investopedia). Role of Hedge Funds in 2008 Financial Crisis Chung argues that hedge funds were not behind the financial crisis of 2008; however, there is no guarantee that they will not cause one in future. Regulatory authorities, fund managers and lawyers believe that banks and financial institutions were largely responsible for the recent financial crisis because they invested heavily in subprime mortgages. The study also revealed that short-selling done by hedge funds did not aggravate the crisis. Hedge funds are not required to be brought under the scanner of policy makers; nevertheless, it is suggested that regulators need to keep a watchful eye on their activities. Accordingly, now hedge-funds firms are needed to register

Reference to two South African examples Essay Example for Free

Reference to two South African examples Essay In at least one point in the day, every-one finds themselves tuned into one broadcast station or another, be it radio or television Be it for entertainment, relaxation, to be informed or merely a means of escapism. For whichever reasons it is, radio and television play an active role in our everyday life whether we are aware of it or not. Using South African examples, this assignment seeks to discuss two radio and two television genres. It is virtually impossible to discuss the issue genre before defining this term. Both the Oxford dictionary as well as Creeber (2001), defines genre as type or kind. Genres allow for the types or kinds of things to be categorised. For example in radio broadcasting, there are various different programs aired, such as talk shows, music shows, news broadcasts, drama shows and so on. Each of these shows are categorised into a particular genre based on their characteristics. The two radio genres that will be discussed are talk shows and music shows. The phenomenon of genre is not exclusive to radio and television alone. In fact according to Greeber, it [genre] has played an important role in the study of literature, theatre, film, television and other art and media forms (Creeber, G: 2001 pg. 1). Radio-Talk Genre Radio stations like SAFM and 702 are almost entirely dedicated to the genre of talk show however almost every radio station incorporates this genre if not at least for a few minutes. The success of talk shows lie in participation by the audience. The audience is urged to call into the radio station and either view their opinion on the topic of discussion or pose questions to either an officiator or a panel. On SAFM for example, there was a program entitled The Life and Times of Dr. Bayers Nordea. The show was as the title implies, discussing and talking about Dr. Nordeas life. The show hosted family, colleagues and friends, who spoke about his life. Listeners also got the opportunity to add their comments, thoughts, as well as pose questions to the panel. The show was also officiated by the host or disk jockey (D. J) of the show, who not only directed most of the discussion, but also made sure that the show, ran smoothly. The nature of talk shows is such that the audience phones in either agreeing or disagreeing to the topic or question being discussed. This opens the door for others to voice their opinions. According to Barnard (2000), phone-in encourages a free flow of opinion and conversation within the safety of an artificially created community (Barnard, S: 2000). With out this element, the talk show would be deemed unsuccessful. Talk shows do not follow a particular protocol, meaning that any topic can be addressed. The mere action of a D. J. posing a question relating to any topic and receiving feedback from the audience constitutes the genre of talk show to be exercised. As any topic makes way for talk shows, it is common to find small inserts of talk show, even within a primarily music radio station. Highfeld Stereo is an example of a South African music radio station. It is common to find a situation where a D. J. poses a question and opens the lines to receive feedback. The D. J is thus officiating a talk show, within a music show. Listeners of talk shows however, are required to concentrate on the discussion if they are to understand what is being discussed, thus ones attention cannot divert from one thing to another. For example, one cannot talk to a friend on the phone, as well as remain focused on the discussion. Radio-Music Genre. Although there is audience participation in the music genre, it differs from that of the talk genre. Regarding music radio, the audience is urged to call in to send dedications to friends or loved ones, choose songs they wish to hear, or vote for their favourite song rather than voice their opinions on a matter. Music as a genre is not so clear-cut like talk shows. Within the music genres, there are sub-genres, where by music is categorised according to style. Rock, rave, hip-hop and pop would all be examples of sub-genres of the music genre. The music genre requires less attention from the listener to be focused on the show. Namely, the listener can do various other activities without loosing out on the entertainment. For example, while driving a car and focusing on the road, or while working at ones desk, one can continue to listen to his or her favourite song and not be side tracked. Unlike the talk genre where if one was driving a car and focusing on the road they would more than likely loose track of what was being discussed-alternatively, they would possibly have an accident. As the genre implies, the emphasis in music shows is in fact music. Therefore it is common to find very little talking by the D. J. and more music being played. The show usually consists of popular songs in the specific sub-genre being aired. This genre also usually has a top 40 show, where the 40 most popular songs are aired. This is commonly known as contempory hit radio (Tomaselli/de Villiers: 1998). 5FM radio station for example has the Coca-Cola Top 40 music show which is aired every Sunday morning from 10:00- 14:00. Other radio stations like East Coast Radio host the Top 10 at 10 show, which airs the 10 most popular songs every Tuesday night at 22:00. These songs which make it onto the top 10 or top 40 lists, are songs which have been voted for by the public. Jacaranda FM in contrast to the mainstream radio stations of say 5FM for example would air music of a different sub-genre, however one would still find the most popular tracks of that specific sub-genre being aired, as well as top 10 shows occurring. In the music genre, the D. Js primary job is to play music and possible talk a little bit about the artist of the track, rather than being an officiator or a mediator of discussion, as is found in talk radio. Television-Documentary Genre. As the term documentary implies, these shows are usually fact based and require research to be done on the particular topic being showed. Events are documented by a team of researchers and aired to the public. An example of a documentary would be found in the SABC 2 show 50/50. This is a documentary program that focuses on various aspects of the wild life. Documentaries however could focus on a variety of topics, including an event, person or idea. As the emphasis of documentaries is on information, enlightenment and facts, viewers usually watch documentaries as a means of being informed, rather than being entertained. The nature of documentaries is such that each episode is fully formed and has a definite conclusion even if left as an enquiry for the viewer to think about what they have just viewed. This allows the viewer to evaluate their knowledge of the topic against that of the show. Documentaries are also not usually serial form, as would be the case in a sitcom for example. Rather, they tend to be self-contained episodes with definite endings. Documentaries usually also adopt a narrative structure psychological relationship of the viewers to the program. The viewer is often addressed directly, in order to persuade the actual person watching at home that he or she is the you to whom the addresser is speaking (Allen,C: 1992 pg. 118). This also keeps the viewer interested in the show as well making them feel as if they actively involved in what is going on. Due to the fact that documentaries are not entertainment focused and are rather a means of transferring information, events, people or animals being documented are portrayed as realistically as possible. Animals, which are filmed in the 50/50 program, for example are filmed in their natural environments, rather than in zoos, in order to give the viewer the most realistic experience. As they are based on real occurrences, documentaries, unlike entertainment programmes such as sitcoms, do not focus as much on a specific plot. Television-Soap Opera As soap operas were originally targeted at the female audience (Brown, M: 1994), it is not surprising to find that many of the central characters within this genre are women. More importantly, they are strong, powerful and influential characters, rather than the stereotype housewife women. SABC 3 airs the soap opera Isidingo. Charel de Villiers and Leigh Haynes are two examples of strong, powerful and ambitious characters that play central roles in the show. It is important for these kinds of characters to exist, in order for the audience to which the show is targeted at to be able to relate. They [women] recognise some of there own identity in this product created by the media (Brown, M: 1994). People watch soap operas for a number of reasons. The fact that they are entertaining, allows the viewer to unwind, relax or escape from the stresses from every day life, for the duration of the show, as the audience get lost in the reality of the program (Anderson, M: 2004). Viewers could also be using the decision-making techniques and outcomes of the soap opera to work through their own issues (Anderson, M: 2004). Isidingo is an example of a program that deals with AIDS-an issue that the whole of South Africa is facing; it also provides solutions in the form of Nandipe-a married women infected with HIV. Her positive attitude allows her to live a productive life. Viewers may see Nandipe as a role model. Those viewers infected with HIV may in fact even echo her actions in order to try and increase productivity in their own lives. Characters in soap operas are usually found in the form of multiple characters (Brown, M: 1994) meaning that characters emphasize the group over the individual (Brown, M: 1994 pg 53), thus many people can relate to one specific character. This also makes way for viewers to find similarities between themselves and various other characters rather than one particular character. Brown believes that rather than relating to characters in soap operas, viewers implicate themselves to various characters, meaning that the viewer will see similarities between a particular character, or even characters, but when the character acts in a way that the viewer does not agree with, or feel comfortable with, the viewer will distance him or herself from the character (Brown, M: 1994). Soap operas adopt a visualization style, which gets the viewer to focus and identify with a specific character (Brown, M: 1994 pg. 53). On a radio talk show for example, a TV viewer called in with the opinion that the Isidingo villianess, Cherel de Villiers should be punished, as if the viewer could not differentiate between reality fiction. (Anderson, M: 2004). Apparently actors who play villainous characters are shunned offset by the public (Anderson, M: 2004). It is not only the relatable characters and entertaining style of soap operas that keep the audience hooked. It is also the continuous open-ended nature of episodes, set in the present and containing a number of alternating story lines which gives the audience sense of continuous pleasure (Brown, M: 1994, pg. 58). The fact that soap operas resists narrative closure, meaning that the story is continuous and never ending, means there is always hope for the future (Anderson, M: 2004). Thus viewers will continue to watch future episodes in order to come closer to seeing what will happen at the end (which never really comes). John Davies (1984) suggests about soap opera viewers that once hooked, they vacillate between their need to know, or the pleasure of anticipation that keeps viewers watching (Brown, M: 1994). In discussing two radio and two television genres with reference to two South African examples, it is evident that the complexities and intricacies of various broadcasts and genres are not as simple as one would imagine. As seen above, various genres and broadcasts draw in different audiences, and evoke various different responses in the viewer or listener. As technology continues to move forward, where will these broadcasts find themselves in the future? For now though, radio and television will continue to play an active part in almost all of our lives. BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen, Robert C. 1992. Televisions modes of address the social context of T. V. viewing. In Channels of Discourse, reassembled. 2nd ed. Edited by Robert C. Allen. London: Routledge. Anderson, Muff. Soapies mirror SAs soul. Mail Guardian. 24 March 2004. Barnard, S. 2000. Studying Radio. New York: Arnold Hodder. Brown, Mary Ellen. 1994. Ch. 3: Soap opera and womens talk: The pleasure of resistance. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Creeber, G. (ed. ). 2001. Introduction: What is genre? In Creeber, G (ed),The television genre book. London: British Film Institute, 1-7. Teer-Tomaselli, R and de Villiers, C. 1998. Radio: Theatre of the Mind. In De Beer, A (ed). Mass media toward the Millennium. Pretoria: Van Schaik, 147-175.

Red Badge of Courage :: essays research papers

Red Badge of Courage Book Report The main point in The Red Badge of Courage is Henry Flemings fear about how he will do in his first skrimish in the Civil War. Henry was a young man who lived on a farm with his mother. He dreamed about what fighting in a war would be like, and dreamed of being a hero. He dreamed of the battles of war, and of what it would be like to fight in those glorious battles. His mother was wise and caring. She did not want him to go to war. She gave him hundreds of reasons on why he was needed on the farm and not in the war. He didn't want to stay in the farm and do nothing, so he enlisted in the miliatary. After joining he found himself, with nothing to do. He became friends with two other soldiers, John Wilson and Jim Conklin. John was an obnoxious soldier, but he becomes one of Henry's best friends. Jim was tall, he was a childhood friend of Henry's. They all were exiceted about going to war. They started marching. After a few days Henry realized that they were going around in circles. They just continued marching without a reason. During this time Henry starts to think differently about war. He becomes scared about running away from a battle. Lieutenant Hasbrouck, a young lieutenant of Henry's regiment was an extremely brave man. He, unlike the other officers, cared about and defended his troops performance, and made sure that they got the recognition they deserved. He was a true leader and Henry and John wanted to be just like him. After a while, they finally discover a battle taking place. Jim gives Henry a yellow envelope with a packet inside. He is sure that he will die, and says that this will be his first and last battle. The troops manage to hold off the rebels during the first attack, but the rebels came back again and again with more reinforcements driving the soldiers back. Henry becomes scared, confuse, and goes into a trance when he sees his forces backing down. He finally gets up and starts to run like a "chicken", who has lost the direction of safety. After he has run away he starts to think about his actions. At first he thinks of himself as a coward for running, and later he feels that he was just saving himself for later. He thinks nature does not want him to die, eventhough his side was losing. He believed he was intelligent to run, and

A Communist Society Essay -- Karl Marx Communism Manifesto Essays

A Communist Society A communist society is very different than the society Americans find themselves living in today. Communism is a term of ancient origin and is not a form of political party, but a type of socialism where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Therefore, the individual members of this, foreign, society blend into one greater populist all striving to succeed the same goal. In a communist neighborhood everyone shares and there is no wealth, or poverty, no social status at all. This concept of communism comes from a man, Karl Marx, the author of The Communist Manifesto. He shares his ideas of a utopian society and how to achieve it. For Karl Marx the individual man is a being he has the power to forge himself into what he desires, or what is desired for him. Marx decided men could be changed unlike things in nature that remain the same throughout time, "Yet, man does change in the course of history; he develops himself; he transforms himself; he makes his history; he is his own product..." (Fromm 26) It is here that Marx decided that this is what happened to the capitalist society. They chose to forge themselves to be the evil and greedy men communists believe they are today. Now that men can choose how they are to develop it is time for the individual in communism to be born. And the prototypical man for a communist society looks something like this: hardworking, always does his share of the work, never late to work, never leaves early, never complains that his pay is the same as the guy who works half as hard. A man who knows his place and understands that the good of the group comes before his own personal good. See, communists share everything, on paper communism is perfect... ...ite simply. The steps they take and methods to their madness are for them to understand. And if the people for which the society stand are knowingly involving themselves then it is nobody's place or right to tell them that they are wrong. It is no-one's business but their own. If a society can survive through the troubles of today's world, all the better and though it is different it does not mean wrong. FOOTNOTES - Fromm, Erich. Marx's Concept of Man. Fredrick Ungar Publishing Co. New York, 1966 - Dupre, Louis. Marx's Social Critique of Culture. Yale University Press. New Haven and London, 1983 - Gonzalez, Gilbert G. Progressive Education: A Marxist Interpretation. Marxist Educational Press. Minneapolis, 1982 - Zaretsky, Eli. Capitalism the Family and Professional Life. Harper and Row Publishers. New York, 1976

Management History Module

Exercises  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–1 Multiple choice †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Whereas _____________ is concerned with Whereas the means of getting things done, _____________ is concerned with the ends, or attainment of organizational goals. or a. effectiveness; efficiency b. efficiency; effectiveness c. effectiveness; goal attainment d. goal attainment; efficiency Answer: b  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–2 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ An organization is ______________. a. the physical location where people work b. a collection of individuals working for the collection same company same c. a deliberate arrangement of people to eliberate accomplish some specific purpose accomplish d. a group of individuals focused on profit group making for their shareholders making Answer: c  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–3 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Operatives are defined as employees w ho Operatives ___________. ___________. a. report to top executives b. report to middle managers c. supervise others d. have no others reporting to them Answer: d  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–4 True/False question †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The roles of figurehead, leader, and liaison are The all interpersonal roles. all Managers who are effective at meeting Managers rganizational goals always act efficiently. organizational Determining who reports to whom is part of the Determining controlling function of management. controlling All organizations develop a structure that All defines and limits the behavior of members of the organization. the v  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. ? ? v 1–5 Blank filling †¢ †¢ †¢ Katz found that managers needed four Katz essential general skills: ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). ), Today, the basic management processes are Today, considered to be ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ). ), Mintzberg found that m anagers perform 10 found different roles, which can be grouped under hree categories: ( ), ( ), ( ).  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–6 Short Answer †¢ Explain what is meant by the term Explain â€Å"management†. †¢ Describe the four primary processes of Describe management. management. †¢ Summarize the essential roles performed by Summarize managers. managers. †¢ Describe the difference between managers and Describe operatives. operatives.  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–7 History Module THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–8 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. XY ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1–9 Adam Smith’s Contribution To The Field Of Management †¢ Wrote the Wealth of Nations( ) (1776) Advocated the economic advan tages that organizations Advocated and society would reap from the division of labor: Increased productivity by increasing each worker’s skill Increased and dexterity. Time saved that is commonly lost in changing tasks. Time The creation of labor-saving inventions and machinery. The saving  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–10 The Industrial Revolution’s InfluenceOn Management Practices †¢ Industrial Revolution Machine power began to substitute for human power Machine Lead to mass production of economical goods Lead Improved and less costly transportation systems Improved became available Created larger markets for goods. Created Larger organizations developed to serve larger Larger markets Created the need for formalized management practices. Created  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–11 I. Classical Contributions †¢ Classical Approach Classical The term used to describe the hypotheses of the The scientif ic management theorists and the general dministrative theorists. Scientific management theorists Scientific – Fredrick W. Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Fredrick and Henry Gantt and General administrative theorists General – Henri Fayol and Max Weber  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–12 ——Frederick Taylor †¢  ·  · (1856-1915), †¢ †¢  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–13 Scientific Management †¢ Frederick W. Taylor The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) The Advocated the use of the scientific method toAdvocated define the â€Å"one best way† for a job to be done Believed that increased efficiency could be achieved Believed by selecting the right people for the job and training them to do it precisely in the one best way. To motivate workers, he favored incentive wage To plans. Separated managerial work from operative work. Separated  © 2008 Prenti ce Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–14 †¢ †¢ †¢ â€Å" †, , : 1. ; 2.  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–15 †¢ , , : (Time Study)†Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ , â€Å" (Motion Study)†Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ , , ?, , , , ,  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–16 †¢ Shovel Experiment Shovel †¢ Pig-iron Experiment †¢ High-speed Steel Experiment  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–17 †¢ : †¢ : , 22P ,  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–18 †¢ †¢ 12T, :47. 5T †¢ :$1. 15, :$1. 85 †¢ —— †¢ , —— †¢  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–19 †¢ 26? †¢ 80 †¢ †¢ , †¢  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. †¢ 1–20 Taylor’s Four Principles of Management P24 1. Develop a s cience for each element of an individual’s work, which replaces the old rule-of thumb method. 2. Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker. (Previously, workers chose their own work and trained themselves as best they could. 3. Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed. 4. Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than the workers. (Previously, almost all the work and the greater part of the responsibility were thrown upon the workers. )  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–21 P24 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ :1911 : ; , 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–22 †¢ :  · ?, —— , 12 20? , ?1 30? , 1921 1  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–23 †¢ â €Å" † , †¢ , ?, , (? )?  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–24 (2) †¢ , , ?:â€Å" , , , , † †¢ , , —— .  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–25  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–26 General Administrative Theory †¢ General Administrative Theorists General Developed general theories of what managers do Developed and what constitutes good management practice Henri Fayol (France) Henri Fourteen Principles of Management: Fundamental Fourteen or universal principles of management practice †¢ Ideal bureaucracy Ideal Max Weber (Germany) Max Bureaucracy: Ideal type of organization Bureaucracy: haracterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationships  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–27  · †¢ 1860 ? · †¢ †¢ â€Å"? †, à ¢â‚¬ ¢ 40 (Henry Fayol, 1841-1925),  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–28 : 1916 †¢ †¢ : †¢ :14  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–29 EXHIBIT HM–2 Fayol’s Fourteen Principles of Management 1.Division of Work 8. Centralization 2. Authority 9. Scalar Chain 3. Discipline 10. Order 4. Unity of Command 11. Equity 5. Unity of Direction 12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel 6. Subordination of Individual Interests to the General Interest 13. Initiative 14. Esprit de Corps 7. Remuneration  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–30  · †¢ ? †¢ †¢ : †¢ †¢ †¢  · (Max Weber, 1864-1920),  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–31 EXHIBIT HM–3 Weber’s Ideal Bureaucracy 1.Division of Labor 2. Authority Hierarchy 3. Formal Selection 4. Formal Rules and Regulations 5. Impersonality 6. Career Orientation  © 2008 Pren tice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–32 ? ? , :  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–33 II.  · †¢ 1924-1932 (Hawthorne) †¢ (George Elton Mayo, 1880-1949),  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–34 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Illumination Experiment Incentives Experiment  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1923-1927 927-1929 1929-1932 1929-1932 1–35 Hawthorne Studies †¢ A series of studies done during the 1920s and series 1930s that provided new insights into group norms and behaviors norms Hawthorne effect Hawthorne Social norms or standards of the group are the Social key determinants of individual work behavior. †¢ Changed the prevalent view of the time that Changed people were no different than machines. people  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–36 MG2-25 †¢ â€Å" † ?â€Å" † †¢ , †¢ , †¢  © 20 08 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. –37 —— A B ( —> ) C D E F G H  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–38 MG2-26 ? ? †¢ ( ), , †¢ : â€Å" † †¢ â€Å"? †  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–39 II. Human Relations Movement †¢ Based on a belief in the importance of Based employee satisfaction—a satisfied worker was employee satisfied believed to be a productive worker. believed †¢ Advocates believed in people’s capabilities and capabilities ere concerned with making management practices more humane. practices Dale Carnegie . Dale Abraham Maslow Abraham Douglas McGregor Douglas  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–40 III. The Quantitative Approach †¢ Operations Research (Management Science) Evolved out of the development of mathematical and Evolved statistical solutions to military problems during World War II. Involves the use of statistics, optimization models, Involves information models, and computer simulations to improve management decision making for planning and control.  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.All rights reserved. 1–41 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ , , ,  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–42 Social Events That Shaped Management Approaches †¢ Classical Approach The desire for increased efficiency of labor intensive The operations †¢ Human Resources Approach The backlash to the overly mechanistic view of The employees held by the classicists. The Great Depression( ) The †¢ The Quantitative Approaches World War II armament production World  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–43IV. Management Theory Jungle (Harold Koontz) Management †¢ In 1961, Harold Koontz concluded that there existed a â€Å"Management Theory Jungle† ( ) †¢ The diversity of approaches to the study of The management—functions, quantitative emphasis, management functions, human relations approaches—each offer human each something to management theory, but many are only managerial tools.  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–44 Management Theory Jungle , †¢ (Harold Koontz) â€Å" †? †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ (? ) The Management Process School (? The Empirical School The (? ) The Human Behavior School (? ) The Social System School (? ) The Decision Theory School (? ) The Mathematical School  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–45 What is the Process Approach? †¢ Process Approach Process Planning, leading, and controlling activities are Planning, circular and continuous functions of management. †¢ †¢ †¢ ,  ·? ?, â€Å" †, †¢ †¢  © 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 1–46

How Dustin Stout Rocks Social Media Scheduling with Social Templates

How Dustin Stout Rocks Social Media Scheduling with Social Templates So you created a blog post. Good for you! If you’re anything like me, you’ve probably spent close to eight hours writing that literary masterpiece. You’ve got the perfect headline crafted, you’ve got great visuals sprinkled throughout the post, and you’ve probably got some great quotable moments throughout it just dying to be tweeted out. There’s only one thing left to do–schedule out all your social media promotion. Even the most brilliant and savvy social media managers dread this task. Why? Because it’s a crap-ton of work. And the more savvy you are, the more work you know it is to schedule the right posts, at the right times, on the right networks. But, dear friends, you no longer need to dread this arduous and tedious task. Our good friends at have liberated us from the tyranny of mass social status scheduling. With this one, glorious feature, you and I can be 1,000% more productive (rough estimate) at scheduling our literary masterpieces to be promoted on the social interwebs. In this post, I’m going to show you a handful of ways my team and I are taking advantage of a feature called Social Templates in the most effective ways possible. Following these tips and strategies will help you and your team save dozens (dare I say, hundreds) of hours and make your social promotion more effective. Heres how to use Social Templates in @like @DustinWStout from @warfarepluginsBefore I go straight into how we build our social templates, there’s a few things I think everyone needs to understand about the thought process behind them. Understand This: Every Network is Different One of the first things I often teach when talking about social media marketing is that you must never have a shotgun mentality. Forget trying to â€Å"spray and pray† one message across all the networks- it simply won’t work. Your content will sink, and your followers will tune you out. Each social network has its own culture and you need to treat it accordingly. A message you share on Twitter will not have the same success on Facebook or Google+. And a post that does well on Pinterest will not do as well on Reddit. The platforms serve different audiences with different content expectations and intents. Social platforms serve different audiences with different content expectations and intents.Suffice to say, you need to understand what types of content expectations the audience on each network has and then craft your messages accordingly. Understand This: Timing is Crucial and Different for Every Network There are two types of ideas I want you to understand here: Network posting volume Network peak hours Network Posting Volume Firstly, let’s take a look at what I mean when I say â€Å"Network Posting Volume†. Basically, each social network has a different tolerance for how much content should be shared in a given day. This is also referred to as posting frequency. each social network has a different tolerance for how much content should be shared in a given day.Some social networks naturally have an expectation of lower posting frequency while others have a higher posting frequency. Twitter, for example, is probably the highest volume social network. You can post 15-20 times a day and still be considered a â€Å"low-volume† tweeter in some circles. So for the sake of simplicity, our team has decided to list out each network and its daily posting frequency (or volume). Now, the given here is, of course, how much can your specific audience tolerate? Always run all these types of generalizations through your own audience filter. But if you don’t know where to start, this is a good place to do so. Now, the important thing to understand here as well, is that in the long-term promotion sense, lower-volume means you need to spend more time between resharing the same things. We’ll keep this in mind when we get to building our social template. Recommended Reading: Using Social Templates to Promote Your Content Faster What Are Peak Hours? In addition to each network’s volume you need to know when your social audience is most active. This will vary depending on your audience, so I’m not going to give one of those â€Å"Perfect Time to Post† tips. Instead, I highly recommend you use tools like Buffer’s Optimal Scheduling tool  or s Best Time Scheduling feature. Or go through s own epic blog post about the subject. Now, having covered these considerations, it’s clear that the task of content promotion is not an easy one. When you publish an epic blog post and you want to maximize its reach with your social networks you need to think about: How to craft a message unique for each social channel What time(s) to post it on each network for optimal reach How many times you need to share it on each network and how frequently to reshare it In the old days (as in a few months ago) this process would add an extra hour or more to the production of every single blog post. Not anymore. Setting Up ’s Social Templates for Maximum Effectiveness When announced Social Templates, it was like the heavens opened. I instantly saw that we were now able to maximize our content promotion with efficiency. I’m going to show you how we’ve broken down our own social templates. And all the efficiency geeks said: On top of being efficient with your promotion, we also want to be as effective as we can, being sure to create templates that will change based on the type of content we are promoting. Step 1: Know Your Content Categories Before you create a template, it’s important to know what categories of content you’re creating. If you follow a strict set of categories for your blog posts, this should be easy. You will want to create a different social template for every Category you post to. For example, here’s what ours look like on the Warfare Plugins blog: New Blog Post: Social Media New Blog Post: Content Marketing New Blog Post: WordPress New Blog Post: Blogging The reason for this is because your social templates will likely include posting to Pinterest Boards, Facebook Groups, or other targeted social channels. Having a template for each category means you don’t have to go in and specify the Board or Group for those specific channels every time- it’s already in place. So, for example, our New Blog Post: Social Media template has only Social Media Pinterest boards and Facebook Groups that get posted to. This takes one more step out of the equation when we go to apply the template to a new blog post. Step 2: Set Your Helpers Helpers were a real game-changer for us as well. Being able to set up our templates with custom-built helpers means we only have to write the message one time and have it applied to all the corresponding social media posts. The helpers we use are consistent across pretty much all of our templates (which also makes possible the duplicating of templates mentioned previously). I’ve come up with an â€Å"anatomy† so to speak of social messages. This was adapted from my own Anatomy of a Perfect Google+ Post. Our text helpers are as follows: {title} the title of the blog post {lead} usually an introductory sentence/paragraph at the beginning of the post that draws the reader in {summary} a brief summary of the post and what someone will get out of reading it {question} a question that is answered by the blog post {quote} a good quote from the article {pin-desc} a description specifically crafted for Pinterest {tweet} a custom tweet for the post {hashtag-1} most relevant hashtag for the article {hashtag-2} second most relelvant hashtag for the article From these 9 text helpers we can now create an infinite amount of social messages. For our templates, this usually means 29 different messages sent out over the first 30 days. There are then also a handful of Image Helpers that are applied to each template: {feature-img} the featured or primary image {pinterest-img} a Pinterest-optimized image (7351102) {pinterest-alt} an alternate Pinterest-optimized image (so we’re not pinning the same exact thing every time {quote-img} an image that features the quote we’ll use in our {quote} text helper {question-img} an image that features the question from the {question} helper {utility-img} if a blog post has a tutorial, infographic or some sort of utlitiarian image included {gif} because every goog blog post should have at least one animated gif Now, you may not always have every single one of the above types of images for every blog post, and that’s okay. You can always just use the same image multiple times for different helpers. These serve more as a guide rather than absolute necessity. Here is a hypothetical example of what a blank social template looks like in . Step 3: Schedule the Messages This is the most time-consuming step, but ultimately will save you the most time. After you do this, you never have to worry about scheduling your promotion ever again. The way we did it is we took one social network at a time and scheduled all of those out over the first 30 days. Then we went back through and did the next network. I won’t spend time telling you what times work best or what volume you should post for each network. s Lance Hendrickson already did a fantastic job at putting together a Social Media Posting Schedule Kit that I, myself, actually used as a starting point. So if you don’t know where to start with your audience, use that. You can always edit the templates later if you want to refine it based on your own results with your audience. How Will You Use Social Templates? With ’s new social templates, our content marketing game has been revolutionized, and yours can too. Not only can you save literally hundreds of hours of scheduling and planning time, but you can be more effective at it. Spend the time you’ll be saving wisely. Use it to engage with your communities and learn how to better serve them. The better you serve them, the more everyone will thrive.

Georges change throughout Of Mice and Men essays

George's change throughout Of Mice and Men essays George is a strong character, who makes a huge significant ending in Of Mice and Men. He is smaller than Lennie and has a dark face. George makes sure to take care of Lennie at all the time. He leads and watches out for Lennie because Lennie is retarded. Even though Lennie gets in troubles very often, George does not let Lennie to separate from him. Once, George tells Slim that he has learned from his past that he should not take advantage of weak people like Lennie. George and Lennie both knew that it might have been better for George, if they got separated. However, they do not separate because they both love each other so much. They were true friends. Georges protection for Lennie did not weaken just because of rejections and protests against Lennie. When Lennie got in trouble for killing Curleys wife, George knew that Lennie was going to be killed. Because George belonged to Lennie and Lennie belonged to George, George lets Lennie to die with a happy thought. George did not want Lennie to be terrified when the other men started beating him up. Therefore, Lennie goes to a very deep sleep, thinking that he is going to have his dream come true. As much as George felt horrible for shooting Lennie, he knew that he owed it to Lennie. George took care of Lennie until the last minute of Lennies life. Throughout the novel, George stays best friends with Lennie. Nothing could Georges mind and friendship between him and Lennie. ...

All About Wireless Electricity

All About Wireless Electricity Wireless electricity is quite literally the transmission of electrical energy without wires. People often compare the wireless transmission of electrical energy as being similar to the wireless transmission of information, for example, radio, cell phones, or wi-fi internet. The major difference is that with radio or microwave transmissions, the technology focuses on recovering just the information, and not all the energy that you originally transmitted. When working with the transport of energy you want to be as efficient as possible, near or at 100 percent. Wireless electricity is a relatively new area of technology but one that is rapidly being developed. You may already be using the technology without being aware of it, for example, a cordless electric toothbrush which recharges in a cradle or the new charger pads that you can use to charge your cell phone. However, both of those examples while technically wireless do not involve any significant amount of distance, the toothbrush sits in the charging cradle and the cell phone lies on the charging pad. Developing methods of efficiently and safely transmitting energy at a distance has been the challenge. How Wireless Electricity Works There are two important terms to explain how wireless electricity works in, for example, an electric toothbrush, it works by inductive coupling and electromagnetism. According to the Wireless Power Consortium, Wireless charging, also known as inductive charging, is based on a few simple principles. The technology requires two coils: a transmitter and a receiver. An alternating current is passed through the transmitter coil, generating a magnetic field. This, in turn, induces a voltage in the receiver coil; this can be used to power a mobile device or charge a battery. To explain further, whenever you direct an electrical current through a wire there is a natural phenomenon that occurs, that a circular magnetic field is created around the wire. And if you loop/coil that wire that wires magnetic field gets stronger. If you take a second coil of wire that does not have an electrical current passing through it, and place that coil within the magnetic field of the first coil, the electric current from the first coil will travel through the magnetic field and started running through the second coil, thats inductive coupling. In an electric toothbrush, the charger is connected to a wall outlet that sends an electric current to a coiled wire inside the charger creating a magnetic field. There is a second coil inside of the toothbrush, when you place the toothbrush inside of its cradle to be charged the electric current passes through the magnetic field and sends electricity to the coil inside the toothbrush, that coil is connected to a battery which gets charged. History Wireless power transmission as an alternative to transmission line power distribution (our current system of electric power distribution) was first proposed and demonstrated by Nikola Tesla. In 1899, Tesla demonstrated wireless power transmission by powering a field of fluorescent lamps located twenty-five miles from their power source without using wires. As impressive and forward thinking as Teslas work was, at that time is was actually cheaper to build copper transmission lines rather than build the type of power generators that Teslas experiments required. Tesla ran out of research funding and at that time a practical and cost efficient method of wireless power distribution could not be developed. WiTricity Corporation While Tesla was the first person to demonstrate the practical possibilities of wireless power in 1899, today, commercially there is little more than electric toothbrushes and charger mats available, and in both technologies, the toothbrush, phone, and other small devices need to be extremely close to their chargers. However, an MIT team of researchers led by Marin Soljacic invented in 2005 a method of wireless energy transmission for household use that is practical at much greater distances. WiTricity Corp. was founded in 2007 to commercialize the new technology for wireless electricity.

Forensic Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forensic Accounting - Assignment Example There has also been growth in the demand for the services of forensic accountants as there is increase in the success rates of investigations that are conducted by forensic accounting (Zimbelman, 2012). There are many engagements of forensic accountants’ services. Computer forensic investigation has trended with an expected of 83% great demand in the next years with the mean anticipated to have a mean of 20% increase (Taylor, 2011). In misinterpretation of financial statements, there have been engagements of forensic accountants or recognition of revenue and valuation of assets carried out at a fair value. Latest events in the field are the increase in demand both in regional and international basis has pushed for more education focusing on the field. The demand has currently led to hiring of consultants from the other countries to detect and prevent fraud. Forensic accounting is a career and employment generation filed due to the activities that are performed in the field. The field is a carrier as the activities that are performed are those that are related to accounting career and forensic science (Zimbelman, 2012). The types of services that are performed such as financial data analysis, business valuation, maintaining documents and damage assessment make the field a career

Three technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Three technologies - Essay Example It creates a collective working environment by maintaining shared documents and information. The technology also enables group members to monitor project management functions including assignments, time management, problem solving, and documentation. Secondly, e-mail is the most simplified means of communication which can enhance group interaction irrespective of the geographical location. According to my opinion, e-mail is the best means to build up effective relations, teamwork, and leadership. People enjoy freedom of expression while using internet because it does not have any external constrains to limit the freedom of speech. Via e-mail members can create strong interpersonal relationship along with their knowledge sharing, private file sharing, and video sharing. Finally, I would suggest the technology of video conference as the effective means of conversational interaction. It is the advanced form of telecommunication groupware that can enable visual collaboration from different locations to facilitate a group project and decision making. Furthermore, it can provide a sense of face-to-face interaction and will have a positive impact on the group’s productivity, performance and total

Health care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health care - Essay Example The fifth section concentrates on the target market, whereby the paper provides an insight on the strategies that can are used to serve the market, and the sixth section identifies resources needed to move forward in the entrepreneurial process. The seventh section covers a brief summary of the financial projections for the period end 30 June 2012, whereby the summary is benchmarked through data gathered from research of similar types of publicly traded companies. The eighth section elaborates on the forces that determine the profitability of the industry, and the paper concludes with the challenges that are faced by the business as it grows. Â   Funding Pitch portions of the Health Care Entrepreneurial Business Plan: Tele-hospice counseling service 1. The entrepreneurial opportunity Various changes in the society have contributed significantly to a creation of entrepreneurial opportunities by providing a strong concentration to the sector of services concerning new and fast growing business environment for adaptation of the entrepreneurs to dynamism in the society (Lindmark, 2012). The increased understanding of entrepreneurship process due to the research and the set of individuals, who have discovered, evaluated and exploited the opportunities. Therefore, fostering a reliable understanding of the changes in different levels of society has led to creation of opportunities and the way entrepreneurs can adapt and exploit these opportunities after an analysis, which is altered at an aggregate level. 2. The business, product or program planned Hospice refers to a twenty-four hour program, which is planned by hospice interdisciplinary team, in order to allow the terminally ill clients to make a decision related to physical, pastoral or spiritual and psychological comfort, instead of cure. These patients are hospitalized of they are indicating acute symptoms, and hospice care is initiated by the decision of the client, family or physician. However, there is a requ irement of a certification by the client in order to receive the services offered by hospice, which offered from either temporary or permanent place of residence. In this case, the Hospice service program is terminated by the client or family decision, death or discharge by the hospice agency, and bereavement care is offered to the family members (Whitten, Doolittle & Hellmich, 2001). The products of offered by this business are emotional and spiritual comfort that is related to the death of hospice client. The other product offered by hospice program is counseling services and support to the members of the patients’ family. They also focus on non-interventional care of patients succumbing to their terminal illness at their homes. Furthermore, the members of the family are made integral participants of the program, whereby the day care is offered by stepping a caregiver duty, which is considered foreign. 3. The management team The management team comprises of the Mike Friedel , Chief Executive Officer, who is charged with the responsibility of leading the team by making informed decisions on substantial issues in the organization. The other member of the management team is John Budnick, who is CFO with the responsibility of managing the organization’s financial resources and Ray Terrill, who is a sales and marketing manager with a significant role of formulating the strategies of targeting customers and

Critical review of three seminar readings Essay

Critical review of three seminar readings - Essay Example However, propaganda warfare is not a new tactic. In fact, Sun Tzu in his â€Å"Art of War† (6th Century BC) taught that an essential part of conducting warfare involves deceiving the enemy thus putting him into a disadvantage, ironically but logically, by making him believe that he is in a more advantageous form or position. Critique Indeed, this has been an essential part in the conduct of the cold war wherein Two-time Pulitzer Prize awardee Walter Lippmann argued that their side dwell on what is true and morally upright whilst on the enemy’s was mere propaganda. Well, though most conflicts are seen as a brutal show of force, an equal and sometimes bigger of this plays out using propagandas. As such, even wars are used by politicians and even terrorists to advance their own agendas. Hence, whether willingly or unwillingly, the technical sophistication of mass media has made it probably the most effective conduit for advancing these agendas; and both Bush and Bin Laden has greatly capitalized on this. Thus, Kellner’s critique of US broadcasting networks on his â€Å"Media Propaganda and Spectacle in the War on Iraq: a Critique of U.S. broadcasting network† offers to expose the sins of commission as well as the sins of omission committed by the various networks and taken advantaged of by President George W. Bush. As such, the author launched into an immense rhetoric of lashes against the administration’s ploy to use the War on Iraq through the various US media outfits in an effort to cement itself as the ultimate harbinger of good. In effect, this has set the stage to launch various theatrics such as â€Å"the coalition of the willing†, preemptive strikes and surgical bombings. The author painted a stark picture of a Bush Jr.-driven invasion that seem to be based on the desire to wrap up what his daddy had started and reinforce the United States position as the resident global watch dog (Kellner 2004, p. 330). Of course such an invasion cannot be crafted overnight and against the backdrop of the 9-11 terror attack in late 2001, the architects of war got busy in 2002 to drum up the assault on Iraqi soil. Indeed, war is an ugly business but one cannot argue that though it brings forth economic damages, it can also be profitable for some. Back in the old days, it is the victor that seemingly solely benefits as they thrive from the spoils of war. Nowadays, one does not need for a war’s conclusion but from war itself comes the golden opportunity for media mileage and political leverage. Hence, the exploitation of these opportunities at the expense of Iraq and her people seem to be the center of the paper. Indeed, the facts were stated fully to support the allegations in this paper. However, it would seem that only one side of the story was covered. A quick review of the references used would indicate an inclination on the need to assert the wrongful acts committed during the incursion. There are indeed various areas of concern that may have been committed in this discourse. In effect, the discourse has seemingly singled out President George W. Bush against Saddam Hussein hence bringing about Manicheanism, wherein Bush seems to have been demonized in the critique. The paper likewise went about to decontextualize violence putting heavy emphasis on the attacks made and painting it as irrational while at the same time neglecting the

PORTFOLIO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PORTFOLIO - Essay Example This type of analysis is less time consuming and cost effective. Secondary sources available in academic journals and publications of the industry associations are reliable. 1. ‘Facilities Management’ reports on customer service, operational efficiency, service recovery in providing ‘Brand experience’ for the customers, asset management, risk management and development of human resources. 2. ‘Outsourcing’ covers key considerations such as quality of customer service, cost of outsourcing and type of customers involved in decision making. 3. ‘Environmental Management’ deals with environmental pollution, conservation of resources and corporate social responsibility with a view to enhance the company’s image with the public and customers and for a sustainable development. 4. ‘Technology’ discusses about the impact of technological developments in the industry with a view to enhance the level of customer service and g uest experience. Recommendations: Important recommendations in respect of facilities management include providing training facilities to employees, refurbishment and renovation on continuous basis and encouraging diversity in work place. It should be ensured that outsourcing does not affect quality of customer service. ... Recommendations References Outsourcing in Hotel Industry Introduction Broad areas of Outsourcing Opportunities for Outsourcing in Hotel Industry Conclusions and Recommendations References Environmental Management in Hotel Industry Introduction Customer Education and Employee Involvement Environmental Management Conclusions and Recommendations References Technology in Hotel Industry Introduction Technology in Hotel Industry Conclusions and Recommendations References Facilities Management in Hotel Industry Introduction According to the International Facilities Management Association (2013a), â€Å"Facility management is a profession that encompasses multiple disciplines to ensure functionality of the built environment by integrating people, place, process and technology.† Therefore, with reference to hotel industry it refers to the whole host of operations which includes front office management, house-keeping, property management and customer service. The metamorphosis of the in dustry over the period of time calls for internationalization at all level for survival. The main aim of this report is concerned with maintenance of quality standards, improving performance through training and development and refurbishment and renovation of the facilities for enhancing the level of customer service. Improved facilities management and HRD practices increase operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. Training and development programs suitably designed will motivate the employees and ensures safety of the employees and guests. This will also make the service recovery process efficient in case of service failures. Facilities management According to Mass and Pleunis (2001, p. 28) FM is the responsibility of coordinating efforts in respect of buildings, technology, furniture and

Critical review of three seminar readings Essay

Critical review of three seminar readings - Essay Example However, propaganda warfare is not a new tactic. In fact, Sun Tzu in his â€Å"Art of War† (6th Century BC) taught that an essential part of conducting warfare involves deceiving the enemy thus putting him into a disadvantage, ironically but logically, by making him believe that he is in a more advantageous form or position. Critique Indeed, this has been an essential part in the conduct of the cold war wherein Two-time Pulitzer Prize awardee Walter Lippmann argued that their side dwell on what is true and morally upright whilst on the enemy’s was mere propaganda. Well, though most conflicts are seen as a brutal show of force, an equal and sometimes bigger of this plays out using propagandas. As such, even wars are used by politicians and even terrorists to advance their own agendas. Hence, whether willingly or unwillingly, the technical sophistication of mass media has made it probably the most effective conduit for advancing these agendas; and both Bush and Bin Laden has greatly capitalized on this. Thus, Kellner’s critique of US broadcasting networks on his â€Å"Media Propaganda and Spectacle in the War on Iraq: a Critique of U.S. broadcasting network† offers to expose the sins of commission as well as the sins of omission committed by the various networks and taken advantaged of by President George W. Bush. As such, the author launched into an immense rhetoric of lashes against the administration’s ploy to use the War on Iraq through the various US media outfits in an effort to cement itself as the ultimate harbinger of good. In effect, this has set the stage to launch various theatrics such as â€Å"the coalition of the willing†, preemptive strikes and surgical bombings. The author painted a stark picture of a Bush Jr.-driven invasion that seem to be based on the desire to wrap up what his daddy had started and reinforce the United States position as the resident global watch dog (Kellner 2004, p. 330). Of course such an invasion cannot be crafted overnight and against the backdrop of the 9-11 terror attack in late 2001, the architects of war got busy in 2002 to drum up the assault on Iraqi soil. Indeed, war is an ugly business but one cannot argue that though it brings forth economic damages, it can also be profitable for some. Back in the old days, it is the victor that seemingly solely benefits as they thrive from the spoils of war. Nowadays, one does not need for a war’s conclusion but from war itself comes the golden opportunity for media mileage and political leverage. Hence, the exploitation of these opportunities at the expense of Iraq and her people seem to be the center of the paper. Indeed, the facts were stated fully to support the allegations in this paper. However, it would seem that only one side of the story was covered. A quick review of the references used would indicate an inclination on the need to assert the wrongful acts committed during the incursion. There are indeed various areas of concern that may have been committed in this discourse. In effect, the discourse has seemingly singled out President George W. Bush against Saddam Hussein hence bringing about Manicheanism, wherein Bush seems to have been demonized in the critique. The paper likewise went about to decontextualize violence putting heavy emphasis on the attacks made and painting it as irrational while at the same time neglecting the

Machiavelli and Marx Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Machiavelli and Marx - Essay Example The realistic approach to the knowledge of past and contemporary political life and the principle of unity of theory and practice were defended by the younger contemporary of Leonardo da Vinci, a prominent historian and reformer of Science of the State Niccolo Machiavelli. He offered his own philosophy of history, or rather political history, by rejecting a theological providentialism. At the time when Italy was politically impotent, fragmented and lost its independence, Machiavelli suggested a new type of strong personality, self-confident, ideal leader. According to Machiavelli, it is a purposeful, violent man, with unbending will, possessing talent, intelligence, cunning and even treachery. All of the states (Machiavelli was the first to introduce the concept of the state. By this term he understood both the form of government and a territory) were divided into republics (the best forms of government), and the licenses (the worst type.) Machiavelli clearly revealed his republican beliefs in his last major work "The History of Florence†, which brought him fame of outstanding historian. Machiavelli's views on the historical process were inherent in the idea of cyclic recurrence, regular change of government forms. In his opinion, not abstract theoretical calculations, but the real historical experience reveals certain rules and principles of alternation of these forms. The monarchy, as he shows by many examples, is replaced by an oligarchy, oligarchy - by a republic, which, in turn, gives way to a one-man rule; â€Å"this is the series of state evolution† (Baron, 1961). The society struggle of contradictions, interests, conflicts of small and large groups is at the heart of this cyclic recurrence. Karl Marx is one of the founders of the materialist conception of history. His philosophical conception of society has much in common with that of Machiavelli. But, nonetheless, the period, separating these two ideologies, is impressive. So, The Marxist doctrine of the state includes both philosophical and sociological views. He believed that any state should eventually die off. This process is considered as absolutely unavoidable. The state is the result of division of society into antagonistic classes. â€Å"Classes are large groups of people with different interests, which differ in their relation to the means of production. With the emergence of the state a constant class struggle in society appears. The state is a product and manifestation of the intransigence of class antagonisms. The state arises where and when class antagonisms objectively can not be reconciled. In turn, the class struggle necessarily leads to the dictatorship of the proletariat† (Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 2010). Machiavelli’s realism also had class character. But it expressed the sequence of requirements of the rising class, the revolutionary aspirations of the bourgeoisie. His ideal ruler is the most uncompromising and strong new alternative of the bourgeois system to the public and political feudalism. Machiavelli never assumed the existence of classless society (1998). Machiavelli was the first philosopher, who began talking about the economy of the state as a part of its prosperity. According to Marx, economic dominates the state. A confrontation within the state is led by two classes of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The bourgeoisie is the ruling class,

Critical evaluation - John Steinbeck-Of Mice and Men and Robert Ludlum-The Bourne Identity Essay Example for Free

Critical evaluation John Steinbeck-Of Mice and Men and Robert Ludlum-The Bourne Identity Essay Through the history of man; mathematicians, philosophers, teachers, and scientists have molded and shaped our world. These men and women, young and old, are responsible for the continually growing knowledge in todays youth. Upon studying the most influential educators, it was proven that writers and authors sustain every element of the society we live; love, passion, romance, adventure, drama, science fiction, and non-fiction. All of these categories exist for only one purpose, to entertain the minds who absorb the material. Entertaining authors make an exceptional story and none other than Robert Ludlum and John Steinbeck accomplish this feat better. In order to further understand these authors thirst to provide edge-of-the-seat entertainment, their past and present must be explored. Although these authors lived in two diverse locations, their driving desire for knowledge appears the same. Ludlum and Steinbeck attended college after high school, majoring in English. After graduating from Salinas High School in 1919, Steinbeck attended Stanford University from 1920-1925. Two years after Steinbeck left to pursue his writing career in New York, Robert Ludlum was born on May 25, 1927. Ludlum was educated privately and at the Chesire Academy, Connecticut. After appearing is school theatricals, he acted in the comedy Junior Miss on Broadway at the age of sixteen. His degree includes: B.A., Wesleyan University, Middletown, 1951. Having never graduated from Stanford University, Steinbecks life for the most part was low profile even after the publishing of his first books, Cup of Gold (1929), The Pastures of Heaven and To a God Unknown, which were all inadequately acknowledged by the literary world. Tortilla Flat (1935) was the noticeable turning point in Steinbecks literary career receiving the California Commonwealth Clubs Gold Medal for best novel. Steinbeck continued writing, and The Grapes of Wrath (1939) won him the Pulitzer Prize. The Nobel Prize was awarded to John Steinbeck for Literature in 1962 for his realistic as well as imaginative writings, distinguished by a sympathetic humor and a keen social perception. 1 Twenty-nine Academy Award nominations and four Academy Awards were given for revision of John Steinbecks stories. Literature lost one of its most accomplished and distinguished writers on December 20, 1968, in New York City; John Steinbeck died at the age of 66. However, on a more positive note, New York City was also the place where literature bore Robert Ludlum. Ludlum can be described as a modern day author. He is a well-known author writing twenty-one novels and selling over 290 million books in thirty-two different languages. Ludlum started his literary career relatively late because he was working in 1. Mobel Lectures; literature 1901-4967 the theatre as an actor and producer. One of the primary reasons Ludlum is such a suspenseful writer is due to the fact that he was born in an age where movies grabbed the attention of the public eye. In the 1950s, Ludlum worked as a stage and television actor. After producing 300 stage productions for New York and regional theatre, Ludlum wrote his first novel, The Scarlatti Inheritance (1971). Few writers are able to grasp global attention using unbelievable plots that spin into engrossing tales. John Steinbeck and Robert Ludlum are comparable writers. These two authors are very accomplished and their novels reputations speak for themselves. John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men and Robert Ludlums The Bourne Identity are the focus of this evaluation. Their works signify literary techniques that contribute to theme. The central theme in Of Mice and Men written by John Steinbeck: human fates are constantly controlled by outside forces. The techniques he uses for example: repetition and symbolism are extremely successful in getting across his very cynical views on this theme. Similar techniques are used in Robert Ludlums The Bourne Identity. Uniquely writing; many of Ludlums techniques are present in his writing, but the reader is too engrossed in the story to recognize them. However, Ludlum writes meticulously in his story plots. When evaluated, the reader can distinguish that repetition and symbolism are also used as literary techniques that contribute to theme. Steinbeck and Ludlum use the technique of repetition to effectively build up the climax of the tragedy. In Of Mice and Men, Lennie unintentionally killed his mouse when petting it. This situation repeats itself further in the novel when Slim gives Lennie a puppy. When playing with the animal, Lennie gave the puppy a disciplining thump for biting him and he killed it. An incident, such as this, will be the downfall of George and Lennie. Near the end of the novel, Lennie strokes Curleys wifes hair. He holds too tightly and she gets frightened. Lennie was in a panic. 2 Climaxing, he attempts to quiet her, Dont you go yellin, he said, and he shook her, and her body flopped like a fish. And then she was still, for Lennie had broken her neck. 2 The repetition of unintentional death foreshadows a negative outcome for Lennie, his sealed fate. This action brought upon his own murder by George who shot him in the back of the head out of mercy for everything else that was weak and helpless. In this act of violence, George would not be considered a murderer, in fact, quite the opposite. George, instead, would be deemed a savor because he did Lennie a favor. 2. Steinbeck; 91 The Bourne Identity uses repetition in a similar fashion. The central character Jason Bourne faces memory loss, crippling him from discovering his true identity. His instincts and intelligence help guide him. The quote: You are not helpless. You will find your way. 3 is repeated on several occasions, which foreshadows success on Jasons behalf. Jasons rhetorical behavior when faced with stressful and difficult situations ends in same violent manner. Bourne grabbed the Frenchman in front of him now, his left arm around the mans throat, his right hand tearing at the mans left ear. 4 Without thinking, Jason reacts to the situation with poise and precision. Jasons rhetorical skills evoke his memory enough to enable him to think and act on his own to avoid death or capture. Whenever you observe a stress-and you have the time-do your damndest to project into it. Associate as freely as you can; let words and images fill your mind. In them you may find clues. 5 This quote is nearly repeated again, Whenever youre in a stress situation-and theres time, of course-do exactly as you would when you project yourself into one youre observing. Let your mind fall free, let whatever thoughts and images that surface come cleanly. Try not to exercise any mental discipline. Be a sponge; concentrate on everything and nothing. Specifics may come to you, certain repressed conduits electricity prodded into functioning. 6 except there is added tactics, which suggests that Jason is constantly learning. Through repetition Jason persistently advances his skills to obtain his past by varying his appearance, Change your hairyou change your face. 7 Soon after his skills advanced, Jason learned that his real name is David Webb who turns out as a young Far East scholar. Webb received a new identity from the Central intelligence (CIA) as Jason Bourne, a black ops agent. His primary objective was to kill Carlos, another far more advanced assassin, but was betrayed. As the plot twists, the CIA has given Jason quite a few hoops to jump through for his own survival. The climax builds to this particular moment in the novel, when Jason reverses the situation and uses the training the CIA gave him to kill the assassin Carlos. The climax appears to have truth because not only has Jason stopped being on the defensive side of this live or die game, but also his proficient skills have drawn him to his past profession to kill or be killed; fate. The interfering CIA has lost control of Bourne; however he is drawn back to his past line of work, which could result in death, so he ultimately loses. It could be said that Jason Bourne was born to be a professional assassin under anyones control. 3. Ludlum; 39, 43, 83 4. Ludlum; 64 5. Ludlum; 50 6. Ludlum; 82 7. Ludlum; 116, 161 Another technique that demonstrates John Steinbecks view of fate is the symbolism. Near the end of the novel, A watersnake glided smoothly up the pool, twisting its periscope head from side to side, and it swam the length of the pool and came to the legs of a motionless heron that stood in the shallows. A silent head and beak lanced down and plucked it out by the head, and the beak swallowed the little snake while its tail waved frantically. 8 The heron, stationary and patient, symbolizes fate, while the watersnake, vulnerable and unaware, its victim. The watersnake would most likely symbolize George. Not only does the Heron symbolize fate, it also symbolizes Lennie the burden to their dream. Steinbeck illustrates his view on fate once more by word choice. Words like lanced, plucked, and waiting suggest that Steinbeck believes that fate strikes assertively and specifically. Similarly, Robert Ludlum uses symbolism to project the same idea. Symbolism appears not as evident as repetition; however, present nonetheless. The CIA seems to be the entity or government corporation that symbolizes fate. Every element in the novel can be drawn back to something that the CIA has caused. Ludlum and Steinbeck believe fate to be all the same. In Ludlums case, the CIAs intricate plans and organized operations parallel Steinbecks idea that fate acts in the same manner, assertively and specifically. Of Mice and Men and The Bourne Identity are literally written in identical fashions. Steinbeck and Ludlum use character driven dialogue to tell the story. The point-of-views transpose between first person (the main characters) and third person (the narrator). The first person prospective uniquely projects to the reader each of the character thoughts and actions. The first person prospective gives a clear understanding of what exactly will happen, without all of the excess narration. However, the narration does an excellent job in describing the setting among other elements, such as flow between events. The events or chapters are present in both novels. Ludlum uses three books within his novel along with thirty five chapters because The Bourne Identity is far longer than the six chapters Of Mice and Men. This technique is apparent for the sole purpose of changing locations in the story with ease; in The Bourne Identity Jason and his companion travel to different countries, and in Of Mice and Men the only change of location appears within the town and ranch. These two books were written very similarly. Both switched between first and third person depending on what the best way to tell the story was. By changing point of views, Ludlum and Steinbeck were able to develop their themes more thoroughly. The technique of changing perspectives allowed the reader to identify with the main characters, but at the same time, know vital information that would be needed to understand the story. 8. Steinbeck; 99 Robert Ludlum and John Steinbeck are exceptional authors. There novels: The Bourne Identity and Of Mice and Men, respectively, have Robert Lattas praise. Woohoo, right? There are more positive, than negative, statements to be discussed. Particularly, Ludlums story is far more intriguing than Steinbecks. The plot and characters all are attention getters. The idea that a man with no memory has instincts that are above any normal man, and has answers to every question, except his name, is fascinating. The only downfall to Ludlums work appears to be the length of his novel, five hundred some odd pages, that turns out to be a lot of reading time. Steinbecks novel length; however, fits the taste well, only one hundred some pages. The olden story in Steinbecks novel, gets negative feedback because its entire plot stimulated nothing more than closing eye lids. Praising the literary device of repetition, this gave some indication that what was being read over again would prove useful in assembling a critical evaluation essay. The repetition also forces the information into your brain, meaning it holds significance. Moreover, the theme portrayed among these two novels had some relevance with our current lives, which also served another purpose to reading them Overall, the novels ended up balancing one another. A positive recommendation can be made for both these novels because something can be learned. WORKS CITED Lectures, Mobel. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1962. [online] http://www.nobel.se/literature/laureates/1962/press.html Ludlum, Robert. The Bourne Identity. New York: Richard Marek, 1975 Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. New York: Penguin Books, 1978

Kitchen Cleaning

Kitchen Cleaning Introduction Germs love your kitchen because of the ready supply of food. Food can be contaminated with germs when it is exposed to other foodstuffs, work surfaces or even your hands. Thus, to prevent this, make sure you keep your kitchen hygiene and safe from all germs.Food should always be stored at the correct temperature, so make sure to consult the product labels and use commonsense with fresh products. Check the thermometer on your refrigerator regularly and organize the contents. Always keep in mind that raw and cooked food should never be stored together. Plum the sauce in super for many things with cold meat, as a paste mixed with soy sauce for barbecuing, sandwiches with cheese or cold meat or poultry, as a zest or game casseroles. It is also ideal to spread over lamb when roasting as it added colors well as delicious flavor. For crispy brown bakes vegetables, preheat the one on GRILL. Place the potato and pumpkin on grill tray and cook on GRILL for at least five minutes. Beans and sauce can be reheated together on HIGH for two to three minutes. Few tips should be kept in mind while cooking vegetables. When using whole vegetables, allow air space around each portion to ensure even cooking. Secondly, the greater the surface area of the vegetables, the less time they will end up take to cook. Aluminum Foil can also be used safely, if certain guidelines are followed respectively. This is because the aluminum foil reflects microwave energy. Foil can also be used to advantage in some recipes and can be used to prevent overcooking also. Straw and wicker baskets may be used in the microwave oven for short periods of time to warm rolls or bread. Large wooden utensils, such as bowls or cutting boards, should not be used for prolonged heating as the microwave energy may cause the wood to become dry and brittle. The skin of membranes on some foods will definitely cause steam to build up during microwave cooking. Therefore, foods must always be pierced, scored or at least have a strip of skin peeled off before the cooking in order to allow the steam to escape. Baked goods do not need a long cooking time and therefore, do not brown. When cakes or cupcakes will be iced no one will notice this visual difference. Thus, brown sugar can be used in the recipe in place of castor sugar. In order to get the best results using Auto Defrost is to ensure that the food which has to be defrosted is frozen for at least 48 hours. Then, make sure to remove meat, fish or poultry from its wrapping and place it in an uncovered dish. The quantities which is less than 200 g are the best cooked by manual power and time. For proper cooking results in the microwave, it is important to follow the directions in the recipes regarding the container size and the covering. Important tips for cooking in the microwave are that the dishes should always be securely covered, either with a lid designed for the dish, or even with a plastic wrap and the dishes without their own lids should be completely, but loosely, covered with plastic wrap. In order to prevent the heat from softening and breaking the plastic wrap of the dish, ensure the wrap does not touch the items being cooked. If you are concerned that the wrap will touch the food, then leave a little in it before sealing the wrap down around the dish. This will allow the wrap to lift away from the food as steam builds under it. During standing time loosen plastic wrap by piercing. Always remove the plastic wrap and lids away from you to avoid stem burn and make sure you do not use oven roasting bags as well as freezer bags for microwave heating. Different types of cakes and biscuits are usually best cooked in different metal pans and trays as they have good heat retention. All shallow baking trays are ideal for baking biscuits on and are readily available at many kitchenware shops Summary As with conventional cooking, it is often necessary to turn a tray of biscuits around halfway though cooking to give an even color. When cooking on convection heat, it is important that you remove the turntable and roller ring before preheating the oven. When cooking the meat or poultry by Combination cooking, the food should be placed on the Wire Rack. The rack should be usually placed in a 3 cm deep oblong microwave-safe and a heat resistant dish on the turntable tray. Grill trays should always be placed on drip trays or a roasting pan. This will prevent the food from sitting the grease and juices and gives a crispier exterior. It can even be brushed with oil r melted butter to aid in washing up. Vulnerable foods which attract microwaves (dairy foods, fatty meat and sugar) should be placed underneath and dense food items (vegetables) on top for the best heat penetration and because the temperature of the oil cannot be controlled in a microwave oven, do not attempt deep frying. Always avoid overcooking of food. As in a conventional oven, overcooking can cause food to burn, or just dry out. A few too many seconds can ruin food by microwaves so it is best too cook foods to the minimum times suggested. It is easy to test the food while it is cooking in a microwave oven. Because the heat is instantaneous, the oven does not have to reheat after being opened briefly. If foods are tested while cooking, you can vary suggested times to suit your tastes. When heating 110 g baby food or formula, select HIGH for 15 to 30 seconds, depending on the amount of food or liquid and the starting temperature of it. Test the temperature before serving or further heating of the baby food. To melt chocolate, place 100 g of broken chocolate in a 1-litre glass jug and heat it on MEDIUM-HIGH for 2 to 3 minutes. As e chocolate holds its shape after heating, stir and stand it before adding extra time to cooking. To blanch (250 ml) nuts, place it in a pie place. Cover with hot tap water and heat on HIG for 2 to 3 minutes. Rinse it in cold water and rub it between sheets of paper towel to remove skins. In order to make buttered breadcrumbs, combine 250ml breadcrumbs and 30 ml butter and heat it on High for 1 to 2 minutes, stirring occasionally. And to toast coconut, place 125 ml on a plate and cook on HIGH for 1 to 2 minutes, stirring occasionally. For an added touch at diner parties, steam your own hand towels. Saturate in cold water, wring and place it on turn table tray. Heat it on HIGH for 1 to 2 minutes. And to soften cream cheese or butter, place it in an oven on MEDIUM-LOW for half a minute to one minute per 125 ml. To remove oven odors, combine 2 ml vanilla essence with 250ml water in a small bowl and heat it on HIGH in a small bowl and heat on HIGH for 4 to 5 minutes. Wipe the oven interior then with a damp cloth. While microwaving boiled eggs, doesnt save you time, it does save you electricity, best of all, washing up. If you want more than one egg use a larger dish, more water (say 500 ml) and cook a little longer (an extra 2 to 4 minutes). While you are likely to hear a certain amount of popping while cooking fried eggs, this can be lessened easily to a degree by just pricking the egg yolk and white with a toothpick several times before cooking. But make sure, that the eggs should be moist at the end of cooking as a minute of standing time will give the eggs a chance to set. Place the meat on a rack in a rectangular dish. Beef rib roast should be placed cut side down. Other bone in roasts should be placed fat side down. Boneless roast should be placed fat side up and halfway through cooking turn roasts. And for best results, select roasts that are uniform in shape. To prevent overcooking or dying of thin areas of meat, it can be shielded at the beginning of cooking or halfway through cooking. If you wish to shield at the beginning of cooking, remove the foil halfway through the cooking time. Description All beef and pork rib roasts should always be shielded by the bones. The foil should also extend about 5 cm down from the bones and the shank, thin ends of boneless roasts, should be shielded at all times of cooking. Loosely cover all types of meat with wax paper or even a paper towel in order to prevent splatter. If a large amount of juice accumulates in the bottom of the dish, then drain occasionally. If desired, reserve it for making gravy. Canned hams should be shielded on the top cut edge with a 3 cm strip of foil. Wrap the strip of foil around ham and secure it to body of ham with wooden toothpicks. You need to fold 2 cm over the cut surface. Half hams should be shielded by wrapping an 8 cm wide strip of foil around the large end of the ham. Secure it to the body of the ham with wooden toothpicks. Then fold 3 cm over the cut surface. In order to check the temperature of the meat, a thermometer is used. It helps in giving accurate indication as to how well the meat is done. You need to make sure the thermometer shall not touch the bone of fat because if it does, then the reading could be inaccurate. To give a perfectly less tender cut of meat by the microwave, ensure that the meat is in the bottom of the dish, covered with liquid. The vegetables are then placed on the top and make sure that you dont stir your casserole until the cooking is completed. Jacket potatoes usually cook well on the root vegetable setting and go not need to be covered. They just simply need to be pricked for at least 2 or 3 times and need to be placed on a paper towel on the turntable. In order to check that your cake is cooked or no, try inserting a wooden toothpick in the centre. It should come out clean. And then after cooking, the cakes should be left in the container for about 5 to 10 minutes, standing on a flat surface, before turning onto a wire rack to cool. To bake 23 cm layers of a cake, each layer must be baked separately. Remove the turntable and the roller ring as well. Place the oven rack then in the oven and preheat the oven to temperature indicated in recipes. Then just place the dish on the oven rack. Few tips and directions should always be kept in mind while baking the cakes. You should always grease the cake pans or even flour the cakes according to the recipe directions and for cupcakes, especially line the metal patty tins with paper cases. Make sure that you never leave the oven door open for a long time when checking to see if your cake is done or no. Even when putting the food in to the oven on BAKE, as it will just end up loosing the heat rapidly. Thus, it will make the cooking process slower. When you are beating the eggs for a sponge, you definitely should use a small bowl. When the sugar is dissolved transfer mixture to a larger bowl to add the remaining ingredients. Although an extra bowl is used, you will end up getting a sponge with a greater volume. In order to make the icing of a coffee cake, sift the icing sugar completely with coffee powder and add melted butter and milk in it. Stir it well in order to make it a soft paste. Spread it over the cool cake then and sprinkle it with coconut or even mixed nuts. Your coffee cake will then be ready to be served. In order to check if the jam has reached the setting point, place a few drops onto a cold saucer. Leave it to cool, and then gently push the jam from one edge with a finger. If the surface wrinkles, or skin has formed, the jam will be set. In order to make mango chutney, place a mango and apple in a bowl and sprinkle it with salt. Stand it overnight. Rinse and drain the fruit and place it in a large dish and add onions to it. Cover and cook it on HIGH for 6 minutes, stirring it halfway through cooking and add a little bit of sugar, vinegar and spices as well. Cover and cook it gain for another 15 minutes and pour it into sterilized jars and seal it. The appeal of a deep fried camembert starter is the way in which the ripe Camembert cheese oozes out of its crisp coating when its cut. Make sure the cheese is just ripe before coating, and then keep it well chilled right up to the moment of deep-frying. If the cheese is allowed to stand at room temperature, it will become over-ripe and ooze out of the coating during frying Conclusion Crunchy baked potato skins are an American idea. Put a spoonful or two of dressing in each potato skin and either eats with the fingers as the Americans do, or with a knife and fork if you prefer. They are equally good served as a starter or as a quick and easy snack. Bruschetta is Tuscan garlic bread made with dense Italian bread, with rich green oil and garlic. The success of this dish depends completely on the ingredients of the dish as the soggy pre-sliced white bread and bland vegetable oil will just not do. Making button mushrooms can give a very delicious flavour. There is no need to wash or peel them, as you just need to wipe it with a wet cloth. Tarragon has a very distinctive flavour, which marries well with mushroom, and the soured cream gives a hint of piquancy. If you are making a pepper and yogurt starter a long time in advance, keep it covered in the refrigerator. Remove from the refrigerator at least one hour before serving it. It should be served at room temperature, and not chilled. A carrot and a celeriac vinaigrette is a colourful dish which should only be served usually in the winters, especially when both the carrots and celeriac are plentiful. Granary or wholemeal bread and butter would just be the ideal accompaniment for this dish. Cheese and pears are a delightful combination, and dessert pears make a refreshing change from avocados in this starter. Comice is a good choice, as they are mouth wateringly juicy when fully ripe. Make sure they are still firm through because, as with all pears, they have to be eaten at just the right moment. Light spinach, cheese, and egg starters usually take their name from the round moulds with straight or slightly sloping sides in which they were originally baked. They are called timbales. This version is commonly cooked in more familiar ramekin dishes. There is a difference between a tomato omelette and a classic French omelette, as a tomato one is cooked for a very short time and served folded over. It is more like a Spanish tortilla, and a flat omelette is cooked for a longer time, and then browned under a hot grill so that both the sides become firm. While making a sprout soufflà ©, the tiny bubbles of air trapper within the egg whites expand as they are heated, puffing up the base mixtures to which they were added, by as much as two thirds of its original size. When making hot soufflà ©s, it is important to follow the recipe precisely; and make sure not try to cut the corners. Always while making curried eggs, make sure to serve this dish in a ring of boiled rice, accompanied by mango chutney and a cucumber salad dressed with natural yogurt and flavoured with fresh mint. Serve it hot, wit the yoghurt drizzled over the top and garnish it with coriander. In order to make a mushroom flan, the base is simply made from a wholemeal breadcrumb and yoghurt, which is less fattening than a conventional short crust pastry base. If you prefer a pastry base, either use a 225 g packet frozen short crust pastry, thawed, or short crust pastry made with 150 g flour. Almost any vegetable is good on a pizza. So try sliced fresh tomatoes; steamed fresh spinach; sliced canned artichokes; mushrooms; aubergine; courgettes or even baby onions. Cut all these vegetables into small chunks or slices and sautà ©ed in olive oil. Most firm cheeses with good melting properties are suitable for topping pizzas. Mozzarella is a traditional type of cheese, which is usually used in pizzas. However, there are quite different types of cheeses too which can be used in pizzas such as Bel Paese, Fontina, Taleggio, Gruyere or even Parmesan Cheese. Two tablespoons of honey and three tablespoons of Cinnamon powder, mix it with 16 ounces of tea water, if given to a cholesterol patient, it reduces the level of cholesterol in the bloody by 10% within two hours. It has been said that pure honey should be taken with food daily in order to relieve complains of cholesterol. Make a paste of honey and cinnamon powder, apply it on your bread and eat it regularly for breakfast instead of jam and jelly. This results in reducing the cholesterol in the arteries and saves the patient from heat attacks also. Make sure to drink honey and cinnamon powder boiled in one cup of water daily in the morning,  ½ hour before breakfast on an empty stomach. This will definitely show positive results if it is taken regularly. Also drinking of this mixture regularly does not allow the fat to accumulate in the body even though the person may eat a high calorie diet. If you dont own a food processor, finely chop the onion, garlic, ginger and tomato and then mash the avocado before mixing with the remaining ingredients.